Controlled Atmosphere vs. Standard Refrigeration

In an era of global supply chains and year-round demand for fresh produce, cold storage solutions have become indispensable. Two primary methods often come up in discussions of large-scale storage and shipping: Controlled Atmosphere (CA) and Standard Refrigeration. Both keep products cold, but they work in different ways and serve different needs. This post delves into how each system operates, their benefits and drawbacks, and which industries benefit most from each.

Standard Refrigeration

Standard refrigeration lowers the temperature in a storage space using mechanical cooling systems. It’s the most common method for preserving everything from dairy products and meats to pharmaceuticals and beverages.

Basic refrigeration units are typically powered by compressors and refrigerants, maintaining a set temperature range. Some advanced systems also manage humidity, but the primary focus is on keeping goods at a consistent, cold temperature. Because it primarily involves temperature control, standard refrigeration is relatively straightforward to install and maintain.

Controlled Atmosphere (CA) Storage

Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storage goes beyond temperature control by adjusting the composition of gases (such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen) within the storage environment. The goal is to slow down the biological processes that cause spoilage, extending the shelf life of specific commodities—most notably fruits and vegetables.

CA storage is also ideal for long-term storage needs, such as keeping crops market-ready for extended periods or sustaining flowers, seeds, and nuts. Apples, pears, kiwis, and other fruits with respiration-sensitive shelf lives can also see their marketable life doubled or tripled under proper CA conditions.

Key Differences at a Glance

Pros and Cons

Standard Refrigeration

The benefit of standard refrigeration is that it has straightforward temperature settings and no intricate gas monitoring. Less specialized equipment and sealing requirements contribute to its lower cost, and it’s suitable for a broad range of products. The downsides are that standard refrigeration does not slow the natural respiration of fruits and vegetables as effectively as CA, and energy consumption can still be high, even at low temperatures.

Controlled Atmosphere

With CA, the pros include significant shelf life extension—perfect for preserving perishable goods for weeks or months—optimal product quality, and reduced waste. Products are typically able to maintain flavor, texture, and nutritional value in CA storage. The drawbacks are higher complexity and cost and stringent monitoring (e.g., gas levels, temperature, humidity). Also, not all foods benefit from CA storage, including pre-packaged frozen foods or dairy.

Choosing the Right System

Product Type

Consider the products you are looking to store. CA is usually the better choice for fruits and vegetables with a high respiration rate. If you’re storing frozen foods, meats, or dry goods, standard refrigeration should suffice.

Storage Duration

Standard refrigeration is usually enough to manage short-term needs. If you need to maintain peak freshness for several months, however, CA may be worth the investment.

Budget and Infrastructure

Standard refrigeration has fewer specialized requirements, making it more cost-effective for smaller operations or those with broad product ranges. While CA has higher upfront and operating costs, it can deliver substantial returns by reducing spoilage and extending the selling season for high-value produce.

Operational Complexity

Routine checks are required for standard refrigeration systems, but they are generally straightforward. Operating a CA facility demands expertise in gas management, sealing techniques, and advanced monitoring.

Upgrade Your Cold Storage Today

Both controlled atmosphere and standard refrigeration have essential roles in today’s cold storage landscape. Your choice depends on the nature of your products, how long they need to stay fresh, and how much you’re willing to invest in specialized infrastructure. Considering a move to CA or upgrading your existing cold storage? Contact Central Washington Refrigeration to learn more about your options.